- A summary is a synthesis of the key ideas of a piece of writing, restated in your own words – i.e., paraphrased.
- Take the key ideas and paraphrase them and identify the source.
Example:
| Original | Summary |
| Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) refers to a heterogeneous group of tumors, for which there is currently a lack of targeted therapies. Poly(ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitors and carboplatin (CBP) have demonstrated sufficient efficacy and safety for their use as individual drugs for the treatment of TNBC; however, their effects on TNBC when used as a combination have not been investigated. The primary objectives of the present study were to determine the effects of a combination of CBP, olaparib and NVP BKM120 (BKM120), and to investigate the mechanism underlying their effects on TNBC cells. The drug combination was cytotoxic to TNBC cells, both with regards to short term and long-term sensitivity, as determined using colony forming assays, and they exerted strong synergistic effects on MDA MB 231 and CAL51 cell lines. All drugs affected cell cycle progression, and western blotting and immunofluorescence indicated that the drug combination exerted its cytotoxicity via DNA damage, enhancing non homologous end joining repair and inhibiting homologous recombination repair. These data provide a strong rationale to explore the therapeutic use of olaparib in combination with CBP and BKM120 in animal models, and later in clinical trials on patients with TNBC. Source: Zhao, H., Yang, Q., Hu, Y., & Zhang, J. (2018). Antitumor effects and mechanisms of olaparib in combination with carboplatin and BKM120 on human triple‑negative breast cancer cells. Oncology reports, 40(6), 3223–3234. | According to Zhao H et al., the combination of CBP, Olaparib and BKM 120 has a short term and long-term cytotoxic effect on TNBC cells by the process of DNA damage, inhibiting homologous repair whereas enhancing non-homologous activity. Further analysis of this combination treatment is warranted. Source: Zhao, H., Yang, Q., Hu, Y., & Zhang, J. (2018). Antitumor effects and mechanisms of olaparib in combination with carboplatin and BKM120 on human triple‑negative breast cancer cells. Oncology reports, 40(6), 3223–3234. |
Source: Summarizing | Academic Integrity at MIT (Accessed on 5th February 2022)
